管網管理以及如何降低管網漏失率是供水公司的一項主要的挑戰任務。
供水管網管道長達幾千公里,但每隔幾米就會有一個短管接口。這些管道通常比較陳舊,又受到了路面交通及其他負載壓力的影響;且大部分是鑄鐵管或鋼管,銹蝕的影響很大;舊管爆漏導致客戶服務中斷是常有的是,因此管網漏失就在所難免。所以,供水公司必須有清晰的管網管理政策使漏失率得到有效的控制。
管網內水量可分為兩類:被客戶消費的水量和漏失掉的水量(又稱水損)。水損又可細分為真正水損(物理漏失)與商業水損(或指因客戶服務及計量所產生的損失)。分述如下:
^物理漏失是已經出廠但終端用戶沒有消費的水量。
^商業水損是已經出廠并被終端用戶消費但沒法收回水費的水量。
管網效率是供水公司的重要指標,它可以從下述措施中獲得改善:
^降低物理漏失(如漏水、蓄水池溢流等)可以避免或延緩為提高水量或管網過水能力而不得不做的投資。
^商業水損的降低可通過改進客戶服務管理來實現(如改善水表誤差、打擊偷水行為等),以達到增加水費回收的目的。
消費及損失水量組成
下表是消費及損失水量(灰色)組成明細表:
Volumes Distributed 輸送水量 |
Authorised Consumption 被消耗水量 |
Authorised Billed Consumption 認可收費水量 |
Billed Measured Consumption 計量收費水量 |
Exported Water 輸出水量 |
Revenue Water 銷售水量 |
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Residential,commercial and Industrial Customers 居民、商業及工業用戶 |
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Unmeasured Billed Consumption 未計量收費水量 |
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Authorised Unbilled Consumption 認可的非收費水量 |
Measured Unbilled Consumption計量非收費水量 |
NRW Non-Revenue Water 產銷差 |
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Unmeasured Unbilled Consumption未計量非收費水量 |
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Operational Usage營運水量 |
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Losses 水損 |
Apparent Losses (or Commercial and Metering Losses)表面水損(商業水損或計量水損) |
Illegal Usage 非法用量 |
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Metering Losses計量水損 |
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Billing Losses水費回收水損 |
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Real Losses (Physical Losses) 真正漏損(物理漏損) |
Leaks on Primary Networks 主管網漏失 |
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Leaks and Overflows on Operators Storage Facilities 水廠蓄水設施漏失或溢流 |
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Leaks on Network 管網漏失 |
Visible leaks 可見漏失 |
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Invisible Leaks 不可見漏失 |
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除上表詳列消耗水量及水損分類外,我們還可以用下圖來加以描述。
指標
供水公司通常使用的指標很多,具體如下:
供水量水損百分比
供水公司最常用的水損指標是水損量占供水量或計算地區供水量的百分比。
這一指標簡單明瞭,便于計算,但有兩個缺點:
這是一項國際通用指標,但無法體現水損分類。
不能對不同類型管網的運行狀況進行合理比較。
根據各種參考值或長度因素計量的單位水損
以某個參考值除以年水損量,可獲得可比較的比率,從而對不同規模、不同特點的管網進行比較。
常用比率如下:
單位管網長度的水損
單位進戶管的水損
單位物業的水損(如英國)
單位管網總長(包括管網和進戶管)的水損
推薦方法
當考慮一個已知管網時,一定要盡可能詳細地了解,包括水損數據和導致水損的不同因素,以便制定可行的計劃來降低水損。
一旦建立“水損餅圖”,各項指標的計算就很簡單了。
Network Efficiency = (Billed volumes + Authorised unbilled consumption + Exported volumes) / (Total Volumes supplied to the system).
管網效率=(收費水量+認可非收費水量+傳輸水量)/總供水量
管網效率可以按12個月滾動平均做基礎。
或者
LLI (Linear Loss Index in m3/year/km) = Loss (in m3/year) / Length of network (excluding the length of the service connections in km)
LLI(線性水損指數m3/年/公里)=水損(m3/年)/管網長度(不包括進戶管長度)
對一個管網經理來說,最基本的是要降低產銷差水量(用立方米表示)。用立方米表示的水損計算比較單一、簡單,因此通常被用作其他指數的計算基礎。
實施計劃應包括的內容
前三部分的目標主要是讓大家知道影響水損值的主要數據越精確越好。
1.供水量總計量的控制與優化方案
2.抄表及發單收費的優化方案
3.特許的非收費水量的控制與降低方案
接下來的三個部分的主要目標是降低水損每個主要元素。
4. 物理漏損的檢測與降低方案:檢測維修可見與不可見漏水點,更新管網,控制蓄水池溢流。
5.減少水表(負)誤差數量方案,或稱水表圓管理。(即減少慢表,提高收費水表)
6.商業水損的檢測與降低方案(客戶服務管理)
最后,不論使用什么方案降低水損,只有改進公司的運行狀況(架構、流程、人力資源等)才能產生永久的效果。
下表列出了部分通常要求的典型診斷和行動計劃。
TYPE OF LOSS 水損類別 |
D:DIAGNOSTIC(*)診斷 |
P: ACTION PLAN(**) |
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A |
EFFICIENCY CALCULATION 效率計算 |
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Volumes produced and imported 生產及輸入水量與輸出水量 |
DA1 |
Existence of meters(or not) |
PA1 |
Installation or replacement of flowmeters |
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DA2 |
Maintenance procedures |
PA2 |
Improvement of maintenance procedures |
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DA3 |
Test on meters |
PA3 |
Tests and calibration of flow-meters(continued) 調試校正流量計 |
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Volumes consumed and billed 認可消費水量和發單水量 |
DA4 |
Diagnostic of customers procedures |
PA4 |
Improvement of customers procedures |
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DA5 |
Diagnostic of information system |
PA5 |
Improvement of replacement of |
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Volumes legally consumed |
DA6 |
Inventory |
PA6 |
Meter installation campaign (when possible) |
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DA7 |
Measurement or evaluation procedures |
PA7 |
Reduction of water service consumption |
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DA8 |
Test of evaluation |
PA8 |
Reduction of exonerated consumption |
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General 概述 |
DA9 |
History |
PA9 |
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B |
PHYSICAL |
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Visible leaks |
DB1 |
Statistic |
PB1 |
Improvement or creation of call centers |
|
DB2 |
Audit on procedures |
PB2 |
Reduction of repair duration |
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DB3 |
Visual pilot survey |
PB3 |
Formation of team for visible leaks detection |
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DB4 |
PB4 |
Location of leaks on GIS |
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Invisible leaks |
DB5 |
Statistic |
PB5 |
Purchase of equipment |
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DB6 |
Audit on method used |
PB6 |
Formation of team for invisible leak detection |
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DB7 |
Pilot detection campaign |
PB7 |
Outsourcing of leak detection |
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DB8 |
PB8 |
Invisible leaks detection and repair campaign |
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DB9 |
PB9 |
Installation of a monitoring |
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Leaks on mains |
DB10 |
Statistic |
PB10 |
Leak detection campaign with appropriate equipment |
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DB11 |
Audit on procedures |
PB11 |
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Tank overflow |
DB12 |
Audit on protection equipment |
PB12 |
Installation or rehabilitation of tanks |
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DB13 |
Audit on tele information |
PB13 |
Remote system control |
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Tank infiltration |
DB14 |
Audit of drains |
PB14 |
Repair of leaks and/or waterproof joints replacement 修漏或更換止水縫 |
|
General |
DB15 |
Audit on sectorisation (districts) |
PB15 |
Waste districts metering system 廢水排放系統安表 |
|
DB16 |
Audit on pressure of service |
PB16 |
Pressure Control System |
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C |
METERING LOSSES |
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Undermetering due to |
DC1 |
Analyse of the database |
PC1 |
Program of Meter Replacement |
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Undermetering due to |
DC2 |
Sample study on large customers |
PC2 |
Program of Replacement or Resizing |
|
Undermetering due to meter aging |
DC3 |
Sample study on small meters |
PC3 |
Massive Replacement Program of small meters |
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DC4 |
Profile of consumption |
PC4 |
Studies of meters-datalogging |
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DC5 |
PC5 |
Test of new meters and technical watch |
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DC6 |
PC6 |
Purchase of a meter test bench |
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D |
COMMERCIAL LOSSES |
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Illegal connections |
DD1 |
Inventory on pilot area |
PD1 |
Complete census |
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Frauds on registered connectins |
DD2 |
Analyse of the existing database |
PD2 |
Targeted census |
|
DD3 |
Sample surveys |
PD3 |
Targeted field surveys |
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Frauds on equipment |
DD4 |
Inventory |
PD4 |
Communication campaign |
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DD5 |
Sample surveys |
PD5 |
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Low income areas |
DD6 |
Pilot surveys |
PD6 |
Multi-purpose actions depending |
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Billing losses |
DD7 |
Survey on IS and procedures |
PD7 |
Improvement of Customer Services of procedures |
(*)通常來講,任務D的黑體部分是最后診斷的內容。
(**)任務P的黑體部分是最常采用的措施。任務D與任務P同行之間沒有關聯。
照片
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引至大面積停水的某城市中心大型水管爆管
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聽漏
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使用Permalog系統測漏
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管道接頭漏水
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